Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas): A Comprehensive Overview of 6 Proven Health Benefits, Uses, Nutrition Facts, and More

Common Name: Cornelian Cherry, Dogwood

Scientific Name: Cornus mas L.

History and Origin

There are around 65 recognized species in the Cornaceae family's genus Cornus L., most of which grow as bushes and trees. Many species of Cornus L. are cultivated across the northern hemisphere, primarily in Europe, the Caucasus, and Anatolia. Among the Cornus species, four species are known to have edible fruits, namely C. officinalis, C. mas, C. kousa, and C. controversa. (1) The most important fruit is the cornelian cherry (C. mas). (2) This plant originates in the Caucasus foothills and extends over Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, Turkey, and the interior regions of Europe. (3) Also, it is suggested that the first cultivars of cornelian cherry appeared in ancient Greece and Rome. (4) Currently, numerous local cultivars are bred in the temperate zones of Europe and Asia. (4,5) Commercially, the major sources of harvest for this product are Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, which are its natural habitats. (3) In Iran, cornelian cherry trees are spread in the western parts of the country (mainly East Azerbaijan and Qazvin provinces). (2) The cornelian cherry is an important plant for food, medicine, and ornamental purposes (6) that contains health-promoting compounds not only in its fruits but also in its anatomical parts (roots, leaves, and flowers). The fruit of the cornelian cherry has a distinct taste, several health advantages, and nutritional qualities. (7) Different products are produced from the cornelian cherry fruit. (2) Cornelian cherry fruit can be consumed dried or fresh (1) as well as an appropriate raw ingredient for the food industry. (7) Cornelian cherry can be used to make various drinks, syrups, and gels. (7)
The cornelian cherry is a resilient plant that readily adjusts to adverse environmental circumstances. (7) It is rarely attacked by pests and diseases, can be grown with minimal use of chemicals, and does not require much care. For this reason, cornelian cherry is a very lucrative crop. (6)

Cornelian Cherry Plant Structure

Cornelian cherry is a deciduous medium-to-large shrub or small tree that grows up to 5–12 m. (2) The trunk diameter is 25–45 cm. The leaves are lanceolate-broadly elliptical, measuring 3-10 cm in length. They are arranged in an opposing pattern and have short petioles. The inflorescence has an umbrella-shaped structure, measuring 1.5-2.5 cm in height and containing 15-20 flowers. The color of flowers ranges from light yellow to greenish. Unlike other species in the Cornus genus, this particular species distinguishes itself by having the characteristic of flower buds blooming before leaf buds. Cornelian cherry trees begin to flower in early spring. Oval, pear-shaped stone fruits that mature in late summer and early autumn are produced by this species. (8) They are typically light or dark red, but can also be found in pink and yellow, and are sweet-sour. (2)

Cornelian Cherry Health Benefits

1. Anti-Microbial

According to a 2018 study, the aqueous extract of cornelian cherry fruits is a rich source of antimicrobial agents, and has antimicrobial properties, especially against the most common bacteria causing skin infections. (9)

2. Increasing Antioxidant Activity

Cornelian cherry fruit and its different extracts, including cornelian cherry fruit infusion, are rich sources of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), phenolic compounds, and anthocyanin compounds. These compounds, besides creating color and flavor in cornelian cherry fruits, give them antioxidant properties. (9)

3. Improving Urinary Tract Function

According to a 2017 study, an aqueous extract of cornelian cherry fruits significantly alleviates oxidative stress in the body cells. Consequently, cornelian cherry fruit supplementation is effective in preventing drug- or chemical-induced renal damage. (10)

Oxidative stress is a situation that can arise from the body having an excessive amount of unstable molecules known as free radicals and not having enough antioxidants to eliminate them. Damage to cells and tissues may result from this. Oxidative stress can be caused by a variety of things, such as being overweight, eating poorly, smoking, drinking alcohol, taking certain medications, and being exposed to radiation, pollutants, air pollution, pesticides, sunshine, and other environmental variables. Long-term oxidative stress may contribute to chronic inflammation, cancer, and other disorders, as well as the aging process. (11)

4. Regulating Blood Fat Levels

According to a 2020 study on diabetic obese rats, cornelian cherry fruits at high doses (in this study: 1000 mg/kg body weight) reduce total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and have a favorable effect on dyslipidemia. (12)

5. Improving Cardiovascular System Function

Lovastatin is a lipid-lowering medication used to treat and prevent coronary heart disease and hypercholesterolemia (also known as high blood cholesterol levels). (13)

According to a 2010 study, adding cornelian cherry fruits to a high-cholesterol diet has the same effects as Lovastatin, and this fruit can decrease the risk for cardiovascular disease conditions. (14)

6. Regulating Blood Glucose Levels

According to the results of a 2011 study, consumption of cornelian cherry fruits can improve diabetes-induced pancreas damage. This effect can occur due to the presence of anthocyanin and other antioxidant compounds in this fruit. (15) The main anthocyanin compounds of cornelian cherry include cyanidin 3-O-galactoside and pelargonidin 3-O-galactoside. (12)

Also, a 2019 study revealed that the daily and regular oral administration of cornelian cherry fruits significantly decreased glucose levels and improved diabetic symptoms such as restriction in water intake and an increase in body weight in diabetics. Therefore, cornelian cherry fruits are an antidiabetic supplement. (16)

What Are Cornelian Cherry Side Effects?

Cornelian cherries have no known or documented side effects. However, we recommend consuming cornelian cherry in moderation and monitoring for any adverse reactions, especially if you have known allergies.

Generally, every person may be allergic to certain herbs and spices. This sensitivity must first be diagnosed by the person and , secondarily, by the physician. However, these allergic reactions do not cause chronic or acute side effects, and after identifying the allergenic plant and removing it from the diet, allergy-related complications will be eliminated. No company or product can be aware of the allergic reactions of different bodies in advance. The body's incompatibility with one or more specific herbs rarely occurs, but consumers may encounter it anyway.

Cornelian Cherry Daily Dosage

The recommended daily dosage for cornelian cherry fruits is not established because it depends on various factors, such as individual health conditions. However, moderation is typically advised.

Bioactive Compounds and Nutritional Information

The chemical composition of the fruits is diverse which are mostly dependent on variety, as well as on cultivation and. conditions related to the environment and climate. (7) Its delicious fruits contain carotenoids, phenolic acids, terpenes, organic acids, and flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavonols), (7) Iridoid, (17) and sugar. (2)

Carbohydrates: Glucose is the primary carbohydrate found in cornelian cherry fruits, with fructose and sucrose following.

Minerals: The fruits contain significant amounts of vital mineral components like calcium, potassium,sodium,and magnesium. Smaller quantities of other minerals, including copper, manganese, iron, phosphorus, and, zinc are also found. (7)

In comparison to other juices derived from plum, pear, and apple, cornelian cherry juice contains a significantly higher concentration of calcium, with a value of 323 mg/L, which is ten times higher than that of other juices which range from 14 to 77 mg/L. (2)

Vitamins: The fruits contain vitamin C, vitamin E, biotin (B₇), and riboflavin (B₂). (7)

Fresh cornelian cherry fruits, containing twice as much ascorbic acid (vitamin C) as oranges, show their potential as a food additive. (2)

Flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavonols): The primary constituents of flavonoids are flavonol glycosides, particularly quercetin and kaempferol. Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, and delphinidin-3-O-galactoside were the primary anthocyanins found in the fruits. (7)

Iridoids: loganin, loganic acid, cornuside,and sweroside.

Carotenoids: β-carotene, lutein, and luteoxanthin. (1)

Best Time to Consume

1-2 hours before or after meals.

Possible drug interactions

Antidiabetic Medications: Cornelian cherry fruits have the potential to reduce blood sugar levels. Taking cornelian cherry fruits along with medications that also lower blood sugar levels might strengthen the effects of the medications and consequently increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Consult with a healthcare provider before adding cornelian cherry fruits to your diet if you are diabetic.

Antihypertensive Medications: Taking cornelian cherry fruits along with medications that also lower blood pressure might enhance the effects of these medications. Consult with a healthcare provider before adding cornelian cherry fruits to your diet if you have high blood pressure.

Traditional Use

Cornelian cherry is traditionally used in different countries to treat some diseases.

Cornelian cherry is used in Serbia to treat digestive disorders, diarrhea, anemia, and to strengthen the immune system. It is used both preventively and curatively.

In Azerbaijan and Turkey, it is used to cure hemorrhoids and intestinal issues.

Fresh fruit is used as a remedy for colitis, wounds, and stomach ulcers in Caucasian nations.

In China, cornelian cherry is also used to treat diabetes and control renal function.

In Greece, cornelian cherry is used to treat skin conditions, anemia, gout diseases, joint discomfort, metabolic issues, and tuberculosis.

Iranian traditional medicine uses cornelian cherry fruits to treat intestinal inflammation, diarrhea, kidney stones, malaria, fever, urinary tract infections, cancer, and sunstroke. (1)

Some Questions about Cornelian Cherry

Is Cornelian cherry cranberry?

The cornelian cherry and cranberry are different fruits. These two fruits come from different botanical families and are native to different regions. Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) belongs to the Cornaceae family and has oval, pear-shaped, stone fruits. While cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) belongs to the Ericaceae family, its fruits are pink-dark red berries, usually rounder than Cornelian cherry fruit.

What is Cornelian cherry in Farsi?

Cornelian cherry in Farsi is called "Zoghal Akhteh."

What is cherry fruit in Iran?

In Iran, cherry fruit is commonly referred to by two different names, depending on the type of cherry:

Sweet Cherry: "گیلاس" (pronounced "Gilās")
Sour Cherry: "آلبالو" (pronounced "Ālbālu")

These fruits are widely enjoyed in Iran and are used in various culinary applications, including fresh consumption, preserves, and traditional dishes.

Can you eat a Cornelian cherry?

Yes, you can eat cornelian cherries. They are often consumed fresh, dried, or used in various culinary preparations such as jams, jellies, sauces, and beverages. Cornelian cherries have a sweet-sour flavor and are rich in vitamin C and antioxidants. When fully ripe, they can be quite tasty and are a popular ingredient in traditional dishes in some cultures.

Do Cornelian cherries taste good?

Cornelian cherries have a unique taste that can be appealing to many people, though it often depends on personal preference and the ripeness of the fruit. Here's a breakdown of their flavor profile:

Tartness: Cornelian cherries are quite tart, especially when they are not fully ripe. This tartness can be a bit intense for some.
Sweetness: When fully ripe, cornelian cherries develop a subtle sweetness that balances their tartness, making them more palatable for fresh consumption.

Is Cornelian cherry safe for pregnancy?

Cornelian cherries are rich in vitamin C, antioxidants, and other nutrients that can be beneficial during pregnancy. However, here are some points to keep in mind:

Moderation: As with any food, it's important to eat Cornelian cherries in moderation. Overconsumption of any fruit can lead to digestive issues or an imbalance in the diet.
Heartburn (acid reflux): Berries can still be quite acidic, so they may trigger heartburn in some people.
Allergies and Sensitivities: Ensure that you are not allergic or sensitive to Cornelian cherries. If you haven't eaten them before, it's best to try a small amount first.
Consult Your Healthcare Provider: If you have any concerns or specific health conditions, it's always a beneficial idea to consult your healthcare provider before adding new foods to your diet during pregnancy.

Overall, Cornelian cherries can be a healthy addition to your diet during pregnancy, providing essential vitamins and nutrients.

What is the Cornelian cherry used for?

Cornelian Cherry (Cornus Mas L) has widespread use due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties.

Also, the fruit and its extracts are beneficial for infections, especially skin infections, diabetes, nephrotoxicity, obesity, high blood pressure (hypertension), hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases. (18-20)

For more information, see the “Cornelian Cherry Health Benefits” section.